Written with screenshots from Chrome 71.0.3578.98. The interface may differ based on theme and version.
Element style rules and tools:
Mouse over the three dots on the bottom right of any element CSS rules

background-color or a text colorbox-shadow, text-shadow using the element style editors 
Ctrl + oFollow the execution of JS step by step using the debugger and breakpoints. Click on the gutter to set a breakpoint

Edit breakpoint...The device toolbar allows to simulate different screens / devices to test the responsive behavior.
Display the media-queries using the three dots menu Show media queries

Simulate most popular phones and tablet on the market

Access the settings of the DevTools by pressing F1 or by clicking on the three dots on the top right of the DevTools panel => Settings

The same panel allows to dock the DevTools on different sides of the browser or having it on a separate window.
Change the theme (light / dark) on the settings

Disable the cache when the Dev tool is opened. It will prevent the browser to keep and render older content.

Read more on the official documentation